Integrated circuit having aligned fuses and methods for forming and programming the fuses

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit includes a first conductive layer, an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer. A first fuse is disposed in the first conductive layer and provides a first signal, and a second fuse is disposed in the second conductive layer in alignment with the first fuse and provides a second signal.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates generally to integrated circuits (ICs), and more particularly to an IC that includes a fuse bank having aligned fuses, such as laser fuses, and methods for forming and programming the fuses. By including aligned fuses, the fuse bank occupies significantly less area of the IC than if it included fuses laid out side by side.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Makers of today's electronic equipment consistently pressure IC manufacturers to: (1) reduce the sizes of ICs, and (2) maintain or increase the number and complexity of the functions the ICs perform. Therefore, IC designers continue to explore and develop new techniques for reducing the areas of IC dies without reducing the ICs' capabilities.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an IC 10, which includes an array 12 of memory cells and redundancy circuitry for replacing defective ones of the cells. The array 12 includes a matrix array 14 of matrix memory cells that store data and that are arranged in rows and columns. An address generator 18 receives an external address on the ADDRESS bus and generates therefrom an internal row address on a bus 20. This internal address identifies a respective row of matrix cells in the array 14. A matrix circuit 21 includes matrix row decoders 22 ₀-22 _(n)—one for each row in the matrix array 14—for firing the respective matrix rows.

In operation of the IC 10, the decoders 22 ₀-22 _(n) receive a conventional address PRECHARGE signal before the generator 18 generates the row address. Next, the row decoders 22 ₀-22 _(n) receive and decode the row address on the bus 20. Then, the row decoder 22 corresponding to the addressed row fires the word line WL of the addressed row. For example, if the address generator 18 addresses row 0 in the matrix array 14, then the row 0 decoder 22 ₀ fires the word line WL0 via a firing terminal 25 ₀.

Unfortunately, one or more matrix cells in a row of the matrix array 14 may be defective and thus unable to reliably store data. For example, the respective word line WL or a part of the defective matrix cell or cells may be short-circuited to other nodes in the IC 10.

To prevent a defective matrix cell from rendering the entire IC 10 unusable, the array 12 includes an array 23 of redundant memory cells, and the IC 10 includes a redundant circuit 24 for mapping a redundant cell to the address of a defective matrix cell. In one embodiment, the redundant cells are arranged in rows and columns, and the circuit 24 maps a redundant row to the address of a matrix row containing one or more defective matrix cells. The circuit 24 includes a programmable portion 26 and redundant row decoders 28 ₀-28 _(x)—one decoder for each row in the redundant array 23—for firing the respective redundant rows. The programmable portion 26 includes a programmable redundancy address circuit 30 and a programmable redundancy control circuit 32. Often, the circuits 30 and 32 contain laser-programmable fuses that are laid out side by side in a lower layer of the IC 10.

If one finds a defective row in the matrix array 14, then he programs the circuit 24 to map a redundant row in the array 23 to the address of the defective matrix row. For example, suppose that matrix row 1 is defective and one wishes to replace it with the redundant row 0. To do this, he programs the redundancy address circuit 30 to address the redundant row 0—and thus to activate the redundant row decoder 28 ₀—whenever the address generator 18 generates the address of the matrix row 1. He also programs the redundancy control circuit 32 to enable the redundant row decoder ²⁸ 0. Therefore, in response to the redundant-row-0 address from the circuit 30 and an enabling control signal from the circuit 32, the redundant row decoder 28 ₀ fires the redundant word line RWL0 via a firing terminal 29 ₀.

A problem with the matrix circuit 21, however, is that it continues to fire the word line WL of a defective matrix row even after one has programmed the redundant circuit 24 to replace the defective row with a redundant row. This firing may cause a malfunction that is not fixed by the mapping of the redundant row to the address of the defective row. For example, if the word line WL of the defective row is shorted to another word line or to a cell plate, then firing WL may cause data errors or other malfunctions.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an IC 40, which is similar to the IC 10 of FIG. 1 except that the matrix circuit 21 does not fire a defective matrix row. The matrix circuit 21 includes a programmable matrix control circuit 42. If one finds a defective matrix row in the array 14, then in addition to programming the redundant circuit 24 as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 1, he programs the circuit 42 to disable the corresponding row decoder 22 from firing the word line WL of the defective row. For example, if the matrix row 0 is defective, then one programs the control circuit 42 to disable the row decoder 22 ₀. Thus, even if the address generator 18 generates the address of the matrix row 0, the disabled row decoder 22 ₀ does not fire the word line WL0.

Often, the matrix control circuit 42 includes laser fuses that are disposed in the same layer of the IC 40 as the fuses of the redundant circuit 24. Therefore, the circuit 42 tends to increase the die area, and thus the overall size, of the IC 40.

FIG. 3 is a cutaway cross-sectional view of a semiconductor structure 50, which includes a stacked fuse 51. The structure 50 includes an upper fuse element 52 disposed on an insulator layer 54, and includes a lower fuse element 56 disposed beneath the insulator layer 54 and in alignment with the upper fuse element 52. The fuse elements 52 and 56 are electrically connected in parallel by conductive vias 58 and 59 to form the stacked fuse 51. Compared to a single fuse element, the stacked fuse 51 has approximately the same width, and thus occupies approximately the same die area, but has approximately twice the current-carrying capacity. During programming of the stacked fuse 51, one uses a laser beam to cut both fuse elements 52 and 56.

Unfortunately, including stacked fuses in the IC 40 would not reduce the number of fuses in the circuits 30, 32, and 42, and thus would not reduce the die area of the IC 40. In fact, including stacked fuses in the IC 40 would increase the manufacturing complexity of and could add a conductive layer to the IC 40.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the invention, an IC includes a first conductive layer, an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer. A first fuse is disposed in the first conductive layer and provides a first signal, and a second fuse is disposed in the second conductive layer in alignment with the first fuse and provides a second signal.

Such an IC includes fuses that are disposed one on top of the other. A fuse bank including such fuses occupies significantly less die area than a fuse bank including only side-by-side fuses. Therefore, an IC having such a fuse bank can be significantly smaller than an otherwise equivalent IC having a side-by-side fuse bank.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional IC that fires a defective matrix cell even after the defective cell is replaced with a redundant cell.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a conventional IC that does not fire a defective matrix cell after the defective cell is replaced with a redundant cell.

FIG. 3 is a cutaway cross-sectional view of a conventional stacked fuse.

FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of a fuse bank according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4B is a cutaway cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the fuse bank of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the matrix control circuit of FIG. 2 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the redundancy control circuit of FIG. 2 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a matrix row decoder of FIG. 2 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a redundant row decoder of FIG. 2 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a memory circuit that includes the fuse bank of FIGS. 4A and 4B.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an electronic system that includes the memory circuit of FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of a fuse bank 60 according to an embodiment of the invention. The fuse bank 60 includes an upper sub-bank 62 of fuses 64 ₀-64 _(y), which are disposed side by side in a first conductive layer. The fuse bank 60 also includes a lower sub-bank 66 of fuses 68 ₀-68 _(y), which are disposed side by side in a second conductive layer that is beneath the first conductive layer. The terminals of the fuses 64 and 68 are respectively coupled to nodes that are omitted from FIG. 4A for clarity. The fuses 64 in the upper sub-bank 62 are preferably vertically aligned with the fuses 68 in the lower sub-bank 66 such that the area of the fuse bank 60 is reduced by approximately half as compared to a fuse bank having all of the fuses 64 and 68 disposed in the same layer. For example, the fuse 64 ₀ is disposed above and in alignment with the fuse 68 ₀. In one embodiment, the fuses 64 ₀ and 68 ₀ are aligned along a line that is normal to the surface of the layer in which the fuse ⁶⁴ 0 is formed. In another embodiment, these fuses are aligned such that one can direct a laser beam at the fuse 64 ₀, cut through the fuse 64 ₀, and then cut through the fuse 68 ₀ without redirecting the beam. Because it is difficult in such an embodiment to cut the fuse 64 ₀ without cutting the fuse 68 ₀, the circuitry connected to the fuses 64 ₀ and 68 ₀ is designed such that the fuses 64 ₀ and 68 ₀ can always have the same state (either opened or closed). But the fuses 64 ₀ and 68 ₀ can have other relative alignments so long as one can cut the lower fuse 68 ₀ with a laser beam after he cuts the upper fuse 64 ₀.

FIG. 4B is a cutaway cross-sectional view of the fuse bank 60 taken along lines A—A of FIG. 4A. As discussed above, the fuse 64 ₀ is disposed above and in alignment with the fuse 68 ₀. Unlike the stacked fuse 51 of FIG. 3, the fuses 64 ₀ and 68 ₀ are not electrically connected in parallel, but instead are connected to provide different signals or to provide the same signal to different nodes. For example, in one embodiment, the terminals of the fuse 64 ₀ are connected to respective nodes that are different than the nodes to which the terminals of the fuse 68 ₀ are connected. In another embodiment, one terminal of each of the fuses 64 ₀ and 68 ₀ is connected to a common node, and the other terminals are connected to different nodes.

The fuses 64 and 68 of the fuse bank 60 can be formed from any suitable conductive material such as aluminum or polysilicon. Furthermore, the fuse bank 60 may have more than two sub-banks disposed one atop the other.

In a related embodiment, the fuses 64 in the upper sub-bank 62 are designed to open if exposed to a laser beam that is tuned to a first frequency, and the fuses 68 in the lower sub-bank 66 are designed to open if exposed to a laser beam that is tuned to a second frequency. Therefore, one can cut the fuse 64 ₀ without cutting or damaging the fuse 68 ₀. If it is desired to open both of the fuses 64 ₀ and 68 ₀, then after cutting the fuse 64 ₀ with a laser beam having the first frequency, one cuts the fuse 68 ₀ with a laser beam having the second frequency. This allows one to design the circuitry connected to the fuses 64 ₀ and 68 ₀ for three possible fuse states: both closed, 64 ₀ opened and 68 ₀ closed, and both opened. Conductive materials suitable and lasers for this embodiment of the fuses 64 and 68 are known in the art.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the programmable matrix circuit 42 of FIG. 2 according to the invention. The circuit 42 includes the sub-bank 62 of the fuse bank 60 of FIGS. 4A and 4B. In this embodiment, the sub-bank 62 includes three fuses 64 ₀-64 ₂, although in other embodiments the sub-bank 62 may include more or fewer fuses. Each of the fuses 64 is serially connected to a respective complimentary pair of an NMOS transistor 70 and a PMOS transistor 72. The gates of the NMOS transistors 70 are all coupled to receive an EVALUATE signal, and the gates of the PMOS transistors 72 are coupled to receive the PRECHARGE signal. The drains of each pair of transistors 70 and 72 are coupled to a respective line of a bus 74, which connects the transistors 70 and 72 to a matrix match circuit 76. The circuit 76 generates control signals on a matrix control bus 77 to enable/disable the respective matrix row decoders 22 of FIG. 2.

During operation of the matrix circuit 42, all of the transistors 70 and 72 function as switches and are initially off. Next, PRECHARGE transitions from logic 1 to logic 0 to turn on the transistors 72. Because the transistors 70 are turned off, the active transistors 72 charge the respective lines of the bus 74 to Vcc, i.e., logic 1. Then, PRECHARGE transitions back to logic 1 to turn off the transistors 72. Next, EVALUATE transitions from logic 0 to logic 1 to turn on all of the transistors 70. If a fuse 64 is closed, then the respective transistor 70 pulls down the respective line of the bus 74 to logic 0. For example, if the fuse 64 ₀ is closed, then the active transistor 70 ₀ discharges the respective line of the bus 74 to ground via the fuse 64 ₀, thus transitioning the bus line from logic 1 to logic 0. Conversely, if a fuse 64 is opened, then the respective transistor 70 cannot pull down the respective bus line, which thus retains its precharged level of logic 1. For example, if the fuse 64 ₀ is opened, then the source of the active transistor 70 ₀ floats electrically such that the transistor 70 ₀ cannot discharge the respective bus line to ground. If all of the fuses 64 ₀-64 ₂ are closed, then all of the lines of the bus 74 are at logic 0 and the matrix match circuit 76 enables all of the row decoders 22 (FIG. 2). Conversely, if one or more of the fuses 64 ₀-64 ₂ are opened, then some or all of the lines of the bus 74 retain their precharged level of logic 1. The matrix match circuit 76 decodes the pattern of logic 1s and logic 0s on the lines of the bus 74, and using conventional logic, disables the appropriate row decoder or decoders 22.

In an embodiment of the circuit 42 that can disable at most one matrix row at a time, the three fuses 64 ₀-64 ₂ allow the circuit 42 to handle up to seven matrix rows, and thus up to seven matrix row decoders 22 (FIG. 2). For example, if the circuit 42 handles seven matrix rows, then there are seven unique disable possibilities in that the circuit 42 can disable any one of the matrix rows. There is also an additional possibility that the circuit 42 disables none of the matrix rows. This is a total of eight possibilities, which is the maximum number (2³) that the three fuses 64 ₀-64 ₂ can provide for. Of course, one may wish to design the circuit 42 to handle more than seven matrix rows or to disable more than one matrix row at a time. To do this, he can increase the number of fuses 64, transistors 70 and 72, and lines of the bus 74, and can redesign the circuit 76 to accommodate the additional bus-line inputs according to conventional circuit-design principles.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the redundancy control circuit 32 of FIG. 2 that is similar to the matrix control circuit 42 of FIG. 5. The circuit 32 includes the lower sub-bank 66 of the fuse bank 60 of FIG. 4A. In this embodiment, the sub-bank 66 includes three fuses 68 ₀-68 ₂, although more or fewer fuses can be included. The circuit 32 also includes complementary pairs of NMOS and PMOS transistors 80 and 82, which precharge and evaluate the respective lines of a bus 84 in response to PRECHARGE and EVALUATE, respectively, according to the respective states of the fuses 68 ₀-68 ₂. The circuit 32 also includes a redundant match circuit 86, which generates control signals on a redundant control bus 87 to enable/disable the respective redundant row decoders 28 of FIG. 2.

During operation of the circuit 32, the transistors 80 and 82 operate in a manner similar to the transistors 70 and 72 of FIG. 5. If all of the fuses 68 are closed, then the redundant match circuit 86 disables all of the redundant row decoders 28, and thus all of the redundant rows. If one or more of the fuses are opened, then the circuit 86 decodes the pattern of logic 1s and logic 0s on the lines of the bus 84, and using conventional logic, enables the appropriate row decoder or decoders 28. If the circuit 86 is designed to enable one redundant row decoder 28 at a time, the three fuses 68 ₀-68 ₂ allow the circuit 86 to handle up to seven redundant row decoders 28, and thus up to seven redundant rows. But the circuit 32 can be modified according to conventional circuit-design principles to handle more redundant row decoders or to enable more than one decoder 28 at a time.

Referring to FIGS. 2, 5, and 6, an embodiment of the IC 40 is discussed that illustrates the advantages provided by the fuse bank 60 of FIGS. 4A and 4B. In this embodiment, the IC 40 includes seven row decoders 22 ₀-22 ₆ and the matrix control circuit 42 of FIG. 5. Furthermore, the IC 40 includes one redundant row decoder 28 ₀ and a slightly modified version of the redundancy control circuit 32 of FIG. 6. In the modified circuit 32, the redundant match circuit 86 is designed to enable the redundant row decoder 28 ₀ if at least one of the fuses 68 ₀-68 ₂ is opened.

For example purposes, suppose that one of the matrix rows in the matrix array 14 is defective, and that one must open the fuse 64 ₀ (FIG. 5) so that the matrix match circuit 76 disables the defective row. By cutting the fuse 64 ₀ with a laser beam and then cutting the fuse 68 ₀—which is beneath and aligned with the fuse 64 ₀—with the same laser beam, one disables the respective matrix row decoder 22 from firing the defective matrix row and enables the redundant row decoder ₀ to fire the corresponding redundant row in its place. Thus, including one sub-bank 62 of the fuse bank 60 in the circuit 42 and the other sub-bank 66 in the circuit 32 allows one to program both the redundant and matrix control circuits 32 and 42 by cutting both fuses 64 and 68 in one or more aligned fuse pairs. Furthermore, this allows the IC 40 to have both the ability to disable a defective matrix row and the smaller layout area of the IC 10 of FIG. 1. In another embodiment that gives similar advantages, the fuses 64 are designed to open if exposed to a laser beam tuned to a first frequency and the fuses 68 are designed to open if exposed to a laser beam tuned to a second frequency. This embodiment provides more design flexibility for the circuits 32 and 42 because a fuse 64 of a fuse pair can be opened and the fuse 68 of the pair can remain closed as discussed above in conjunction with FIGS. 4A and 4B.

Still referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, although the circuit 42 is described as incorporating the upper sub-bank 62 of the fuse bank 60 and the circuit 32 is described as incorporating the lower sub-bank 66, the circuit 42 may incorporate the lower sub-bank 66 and the circuit 32 may incorporate the upper sub-bank 62. Furthermore, although the matrix circuit 21 and the redundancy circuit 24 are described as accessing rows of matrix and redundant cells, respectively, the circuits 21 and 24 can be designed to access columns or other groupings of matrix and redundant cells. Or, the circuits 21 and 24 can be designed to access individual matrix and redundant cells. Additionally, although described as being included in the circuits 21 and 24, the fuse bank 60 may be used in other types circuits.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a matrix row decoder 22 of FIG. 2 according to the invention. In this embodiment, the matrix circuit 21 can handle up to four matrix rows, and thus four row decoders 22. But one can modify the decoder 22 according to conventional circuit design principles so that the circuit 21 can accommodate more than four matrix rows. The decoder 22 includes a PMOS transistor 90 having a gate coupled to receive PRECHARGE, an inverter 92 for firing the word line WL, and three serially connected NMOS transistors 94, 96 and 98. The transistors 94 and 96 receive matrix address bits MA1 and MA2, respectively, from the address bus 20 (FIGS. 2), and the transistor 98 receives a respective MATRIX CONTROL signal from the matrix match circuit 76 (FIG. 5).

During testing of the IC 40 (FIG. 2), if the matrix row corresponding to the row decoder 22 is functional, then one enables the decoder 22 by programming the matrix control circuit 42 to generate MATRIX CONTROL equal to logic 1. Conversely, if the matrix row is defective, then one disables the decoder 22 by programming the circuit 42 to generate MATRIX CONTROL equal to logic 0.

In operation, before the row address generator 18 (FIG. 2) generates the row address on the bus 20, PRECHARGE transitions from logic 1 to logic 0 to turn on the transistor 90. The NMOS transistors 94 and 96 (and possibly the transistor 98) are off so that the transistor 90 charges the input terminal of the inverter 92 to logic 1. PRECHARGE then transitions back to logic 1 to turn off the transistor 90, and the address generator 18 generates an address. If MATRIX CONTROL equals logic 0, then the decoder 22 cannot fire the word line WL regardless of the values of the address bits MA1 and MA1. Specifically, the logic 0 turns off the transistor 98, which acts as an open circuit between the input terminal of the inverter 92 and ground. This open circuit causes the input of the inverter 92 to remain at logic 1, which causes the inverter 92 to generate inactive logic 0 on the row line WL. If MATRIX CONTROL equals logic 1, but none or only one of the address bits MA1 and MA2 equal to logic 1, then at least one of the transistors 94 and 96 is turned off. Therefore, there is still an open circuit between the input terminal of the inverter 92 and ground, and the inverter 92 still generates inactive logic 0 on WL. Conversely, if MATRIX CONTROL, MA1, and MA2 equal logic 1, then all three transistors 94, 96, and 98 are on and together pull the input of the inverter 92 to ground. This causes the inverter 92 to fire the row by generating active logic 1 on the word line WL.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a redundant row decoder 28 of FIG. 2 according to the invention. The decoder 28 is similar in structure and operation to the matrix row decoder 22 of FIG. 7. In this embodiment, the redundant circuit 24 can handle up to four redundant rows, and thus four redundant row decoders 28. But one can modify the decoder 22 according to conventional circuit design principles so that the circuit 24 can accommodate more than four redundant rows. The decoder 28 includes a PMOS transistor 100 having a gate coupled to receive PRECHARGE, an inverter 102 for firing the redundant word line RWL, and three serially connected NMOS transistors 104, 106, and 108. The transistors 104 and 106 receive redundant address bits RA1 and RA2, respectively, from the redundant address bus 30 (FIGS. 2), and the transistor 108 receives a respective REDUNDANT CONTROL signal from the redundant match circuit 86 (FIG. 6).

During testing of the IC 40 (FIG. 2), if one wishes to replace a defective matrix row with the redundant row corresponding to the decoder 28, then he enables the decoder 28 by programming the redundant control circuit 32 to generate REDUNDANT CONTROL equal to logic 1. He also programs the redundancy address circuit 30 to generate RA1 and RA2 equal to logic 1. whenever the address generator 18 generates the address of the defective matrix row. Conversely, if one does not wish to use the redundant row to replace a defective matrix row, he disables the decoder 28 by programming the circuit 32 to generate REDUNDANT CONTROL equal to logic 0.

In operation, before the row address generator 18 (FIG. 2) generates the row address on the bus 20, PRECHARGE transitions from logic 1 to logic 0 to turn on the transistor 100. The NMOS transistors 104 and 106 (and possibly the transistor 108) are off so that the transistor 100 charges the input terminal of the inverter 102 to logic 1. PRECHARGE then transitions back to logic 1 to turn off the transistor 100 and the address generator 18 generates a matrix-row address on the bus 20. If REDUNDANT CONTROL equals logic 0, then the decoder 28 cannot fire the redundant word line RWL regardless of the values of the redundant address bits RA1 and RA1. Specifically, the logic 0 turns off the transistor 108, which acts as an open circuit between the input terminal of the inverter 102 and ground. This open circuit causes the input of the inverter 102 to remain at logic 1, which causes the inverter 102 to generate inactive logic 0 on the row line RWL. If REDUNDANT CONTROL equals logic 1, but none or only one of the bits RA1 and RA2 equal logic 1, then at least one of the transistors 104 and 106 is turned off. Therefore, there is still an open circuit between the input terminal of the inverter 102 and ground, and the inverter 102 still generates inactive logic 0 on RWL. Conversely, if REDUNDANT CONTROL, RA1, and RA2 equal logic 1, then all three transistors 104, 106, and 108 are on and together pull the input of the inverter 102 to ground. This causes the inverter 102 to fire the row by generating active logic 1 on RWL.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a memory circuit 130, which includes the fuse bank 60 of FIGS. 4A and 4B or the matrix and redundant control circuits 42 and 32 of FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively.

The memory circuit 130 includes an address register 132, which receives an address from an ADDRESS bus. A control logic circuit 134 receives a clock (CLK) signal, and receives clock enable (CKE), chip select ({overscore (CS)}), row address strobe ({overscore (RAS)}), column address strobe ({overscore (CAS)}), and write enable ({overscore (WE)}) signals from the COMMAND bus, and communicates with the other circuits of the memory device 130. A row address muftiplexer 136 receives the address signal from the address register 132 and provides the row address to the row-address latch-and-decode circuits 138 a and 138 b for the memory bank 140 a or 140 b, respectively. In one embodiment, the multiplexer 136 includes the address generator 18 (FIG. 2), and the circuits 138 a and 138 b each include the matrix and redundant control circuits 42 and 32 (FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively).

During read and write cycles, the row-address latch-and-decode circuits 138 a and 138 b activate the word lines of the addressed rows of memory cells in the memory banks 140 a and 140 b, respectively. Read/write circuits 142 a and 142 b read data from the addressed memory cells in the memory banks 140 a and 140 b, respectively, during a read cycle, and write data to the addressed memory cells during a write cycle. A column-address latch-and-decode circuit 144 receives the address from the address register 132 and provides the column address of the selected memory cells to the read/write circuits 142 a and 142 b. For clarity, the address register 132, the row-address multiplexer 136, the row-address latch-anddecode circuits 138 a and 138 b, and the column-address latch-and-decode circuit 144 can be collectively referred to as an address decoder.

A data input/output (I/O) circuit 146 includes a plurality of input buffers 148. During a write cycle, the buffers 148 receive and store data from the DATA bus, and the read/write circuits 142 a and 142 b provide the stored data to the memory banks 140 a and 140 b, respectively. The data I/O circuit 146 also includes a plurality of output drivers 150. During a read cycle, the read/write circuits 142 a and 142 b provide data from the memory banks 140 a and 140 b, respectively, to the drivers 150, which in turn provide this data to the DATA bus.

A refresh counter 152 stores the address of the row of memory cells to be refreshed either during a conventional auto-refresh mode or self-refresh mode. After the row is refreshed, a refresh controller 154 updates the address in the refresh counter 152, typically by either incrementing or decrementing the contents of the refresh counter 152 by one. Although shown separately, the refresh controller 154 may be part of the control logic 134 in other embodiments of the memory circuit 130.

The memory circuit 130 may also include an optional charge pump 156, which steps up the power-supply voltage V_(DD) to a voltage V_(DDP). In one embodiment, the pump 156 generates V_(DDP) approximately 1-1.5 V higher than V_(DD). The memory circuit 130 may also use V_(DDP) to conventionally overdrive selected internal transistors.

Although an embodiment of the row-address latch-and-decode circuits 138 a and 138 b is described as including the matrix and redundant control circuits 42 and 32 (FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively), any portion of the memory circuit 130 can include the fuse bank 60 (FIGS. 4A and 4B).

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an electronic system 160, such as a computer system, that includes the memory circuit 130 of FIG. 9. The system 160 includes computer circuitry 162 for performing computer functions, such as executing software to perform desired calculations and tasks. The circuitry 162 typically includes a processor 164 and the memory circuit 130, which is coupled to the processor 164. One or more input devices 166, such as a keyboard or a mouse, are coupled to the computer circuitry 162 and allow an operator (not shown) to manually input data thereto. One or more output devices 168 are coupled to the computer circuitry 162 to provide to the operator data generated by the computer circuitry 162. Examples of such output devices 168 include a printer and a video display unit. One or more data-storage devices 170 are coupled to the computer circuitry 162 to store data on or retrieve data from external storage media (not shown). Examples of the storage devices 170 and the corresponding storage media include drives that accept hard and floppy disks, tape cassettes, and compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs). Typically, the computer circuitry 162 includes address data and command buses and a clock line that are respectively coupled to the ADDRESS, DATA, and COMMAND buses, and the CLK line of the memory circuit 130.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a first fuse disposed in the first conductive layer and operable to generate a first signal, the first fuse having first and second terminals; and a second fuse disposed in the second conductive layer and operable to generate a second signal, the second fuse having first and second terminals that are respectively aligned with the first and second terminals of the first fuse.
 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a substrate; and wherein the first and second conductive layers and the insulator layer are disposed on the substrate.
 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the first and second fuses comprise respective laser-openable fuses.
 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein: the first fuse is configured to open in response to exposure to an energy beam of a first frequency; and the second fuse is configured to open in response to exposure to an energy beam of a second frequency.
 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein: the first fuse is configured to open in response to exposure to a laser beam tuned to a first frequency; and the second fuse is configured to open in response to exposure to a laser beam tuned to a second frequency.
 6. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a first circuit having a first fuse disposed in the first conductive layer, the first fuse having first and second terminals; and a second circuit having a second fuse disposed in the second conductive layer, the second fuse having first and second terminals that are respectively aligned with the first and second terminals of the first fuse.
 7. The integrated circuit of claim 6 wherein: the first circuit comprises a matrix control circuit; and the second circuit comprises a redundant control circuit.
 8. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; first, second, third, and fourth circuit nodes; a first fuse disposed in the first conductive layer and having a first terminal coupled to the first circuit node and having a second terminal coupled to the second circuit node; and a second fuse disposed in the second conductive layer in alignment with the first fuse and having a first terminal coupled to the third circuit node and having a second terminal coupled to the fourth circuit node.
 9. The integrated circuit of claim 8 wherein the first, second, third, and fourth circuit nodes are each disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers.
 10. The integrated circuit of claim 8, further comprising: at least one conductive layer in addition to the first and second conductive layers; and wherein the first, second, third, and fourth circuit nodes are each disposed in the at least one additional conductive layer.
 11. The integrated circuit of claim 8, further comprising: a substrate; and wherein the first and second conductive layers and the insulator layer are disposed on the substrate.
 12. A fuse circuit, comprising: a first severable conductor configured to conduct a first signal; a second severable conductor aligned with the first conductor and configured to conduct a second signal; and an insulator disposed between the first and second conductors.
 13. The fuse circuit of claim 12 wherein the second conductor is substantially vertically aligned with the first conductor.
 14. A fuse bank, comprising: discrete fuses each having two respective terminals, the fuses arranged in stacked pairs; and a fuse in each stacked pair having a terminal that is indirectly coupled to a terminal of the other fuse in the same stacked pair such that the fuses in each stacked pair are not electrically in parallel.
 15. A fuse bank, comprising: discrete fuses each having two respective terminals, the fuses arranged in stacked pairs; and a fuse in each stacked pair having a terminal that is electrically isolated from the two terminals of the other fuse in the same stacked pair.
 16. A fuse array, comprising: a first fuse configured to conduct a first signal; and a second fuse aligned with and electrically insulated and uncoupled from the first fuse, the second fuse configured to conduct a second signal.
 17. The fuse array of claim 16, further comprising: a first conductive layer in which the first fuse is disposed; a second conductive layer in which the second fuse is disposed; and an insulator layer disposed between the first and second conductive layers.
 18. A fuse circuit, comprising: a first fuse having first and second terminals and having a first conductive member disposed between the first and second terminals; a second fuse stacked on and aligned with the first fuse and not electrically parallel to the first fuse, the second fuse having third and fourth terminals and having a second conductive member disposed between the third and fourth terminals, a portion of the second conductive member overlapping a portion of the first conductive member; and an insulator disposed between the first and second fuses.
 19. The fuse circuit of claim 18, further comprising: a first conductive layer in which the first fuse is disposed; a second conductive layer in which the second fuse is disposed; and an insulator layer in which the insulator is disposed, the insulator layer disposed between the first and second conductive layers.
 20. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; an address decoder operable to receive an address; an array of memory cells operable to store data, the array coupled to the address decoder; a read/write circuit coupled to the memory array and operable to read data from and write data to one or more of the memory cells; a control circuit coupled to and operable to control the address decoder and the read/write circuit; a first fuse disposed in the first conductive layer and coupled to and operable to generate a first signal for the address decoder, array, read/write circuit, or control circuit; and a second fuse disposed in the second conductive layer in alignment with the first fuse and coupled to and operable to generate a second signal for the address decoder, array, read/write circuit, or control circuit.
 21. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a memory array including a matrix memory cell having a matrix address and including a redundant memory cell; a matrix address generator; a matrix circuit coupled to the memory array and to the address generator and including a matrix fuse disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers, the matrix fuse configured in a first state in response to the matrix memory cell being functional and configured in a second state in response to the matrix memory cell being defective, the matrix circuit operable to fire the matrix memory cell in response to the matrix fuse having the first state; and a redundant circuit coupled to the memory array and to the address generator and including a redundant fuse disposed in the other of the first and second conductive layers in alignment with the matrix fuse, the redundant fuse configured in a third state in response to the matrix memory cell being functional and configured in a fourth state in response to the matrix memory cell being defective, the redundant circuit operable to fire the redundant memory cell in response to the redundant fuse having the fourth state.
 22. The integrated circuit of claim 21 wherein: the third state equals the first state; and the fourth state equals the second state.
 23. The integrated circuit of claim 21 wherein: the fourth state equals the first state; and the third state equals the second state.
 24. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a memory array including a matrix memory cell having a matrix address and including a redundant memory cell; a matrix address circuit for generating the matrix address; a redundant circuit coupled to the memory array and to the matrix address circuit and including a redundant fuse disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers, the redundant fuse programmable in a first state to disable the redundant memory cell and programmable in a second state to map the redundant memory cell to the matrix address, the redundant circuit configured to fire the redundant memory cell in response to the matrix address circuit generating the matrix address and the redundant fuse having the second state; and a matrix circuit coupled to the memory array and to the matrix address circuit and including a matrix fuse disposed in the other of first and second conductive layers in alignment with the redundant fuse, the matrix fuse programmable in a third state to enable the matrix memory cell and programmable in a fourth state to disable the matrix memory cell, the matrix circuit configured to fire the matrix memory cell in response to the matrix address circuit generating the matrix address and the matrix fuse having the third state.
 25. The integrated circuit of claim 24 wherein: the matrix and redundant fuses comprise respective laser-openable fuses; the third state equals the first state; and the fourth state equals the second state.
 26. The integrated circuit of claim 24 wherein: the matrix fuse is configured to open in response to exposure to a laser beam having a first frequency; the redundant fuse is configured to open in response to exposure to a laser beam having a second frequency; the fourth state equals the first state; and the third state equals the second state.
 27. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a memory array including a matrix memory cell, a matrix fire terminal coupled to the matrix memory cell, a redundant memory cell, and a redundant fire terminal coupled to the redundant memory cell; a matrix address circuit having an address output terminal; a redundant circuit having an address input terminal coupled to the address output terminal of the matrix address circuit and having a firing terminal coupled to the redundant fire terminal of the memory array, the redundant circuit including a redundant fuse disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers, the redundant fuse programmable in a first state to disable the redundant memory cell and programmable in a second state to map the redundant memory cell to the matrix address; and a matrix circuit having an address input terminal coupled to the address output terminal of the matrix address circuit and having a firing terminal coupled to the matrix fire terminal of the memory array, the matrix circuit including a matrix fuse disposed in the other of first and second conductive layers in alignment with the redundant fuse, the matrix fuse programmable in a third state to enable the matrix memory cell and programmable in a fourth state to disable the matrix memory cell.
 28. The integrated circuit of claim 27 wherein: the first and third states comprise an electrically closed state; and the second and fourth states comprise an electrically opened state.
 29. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a memory array including a matrix memory cell having a matrix address and including a redundant memory cell; a matrix address generator; a matrix-cell decoder coupled to the memory array and to the address generator and configured to activate the matrix memory cell in response to the address generator generating the matrix address and the matrix-cell decoder being enabled; a matrix control circuit coupled to the matrix-cell decoder, the matrix control circuit including a matrix fuse disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers and configured in a first state in response to the matrix memory cell being functional and configured in a second state in response to the matrix memory cell being defective, the matrix control circuit configured to disable the matrix-cell decoder from activating the matrix memory cell in response to the matrix fuse having the second state; a redundant-cell decoder coupled to the memory array and to the address generator and configured to activate the redundant memory cell in response to the address generator generating the matrix address and the redundant-cell decoder being enabled; and a redundant control circuit coupled to the redundant-cell decoder, the redundant control circuit including a redundant fuse disposed in the other of the first and second conductive layers in alignment with the matrix fuse, the redundant fuse configured in a third first state in response to the matrix memory cell being functional and configured in a fourth state in response to the matrix memory cell being defective, the redundant control circuit configured to enable the redundant-cell decoder to activate the redundant memory cell in response to the redundant fuse having the fourth state.
 30. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a memory array including a matrix memory cell having a matrix address and including a redundant memory cell; a matrix address generator; a redundant-cell decoder coupled to the memory array and to the matrix address generator and configured to map the redundant memory cell to the matrix address by firing the redundant memory cell in response to the matrix address generator generating the matrix address and the redundant-cell decoder being enabled; a redundant control circuit coupled to the redundant-cell decoder, the redundant control circuit including a redundant fuse disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers, the redundant fuse programmable in a first state to cause the redundant control circuit to enable the redundant-cell decoder to map the redundant memory cell to the matrix address and programmable in a second state to cause the redundant enable circuit to disable the redundant-cell decoder from mapping the redundant memory cell to the matrix address; a matrix-cell decoder coupled to the memory array and to the matrix address generator and configured to fire the matrix memory cell in response to the matrix address generator generating the matrix address and the matrix-cell decoder being enabled; and a matrix control circuit coupled to the matrix-cell decoder, the matrix control circuit including a matrix fuse disposed in the other of first and second conductive layers in alignment with the redundant fuse, the matrix fuse programmable in a third state to cause the matrix control circuit to enable the matrix-cell decoder to fire the matrix memory cell and programmable in a fourth state to cause the matrix control circuit to disable the matrix-cell decoder from firing the matrix memory cell.
 31. An integrated circuit, comprising: first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a memory array including a matrix memory cell having a matrix address, a matrix fire terminal coupled to the matrix memory cell, a redundant memory cell, and a redundant fire terminal coupled to the redundant memory cell; an matrix address circuit having an address output terminal; a matrix-cell decoder having an address input terminal coupled to the address output terminal of the address circuit, a control terminal, and a firing terminal coupled to the matrix fire terminal of the memory array; a matrix control circuit having a control output terminal coupled to the control terminal of the matrix-cell decoder, the matrix control circuit including a matrix fuse disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers, coupled to the control output terminal, and configured in a first state in response to the matrix memory cell being functional and configured in a second state in response to the matrix memory cell being defective; a redundant-cell decoder having an address input terminal coupled to the address output terminal of the address circuit, a control terminal, and a firing terminal coupled to the redundant fire terminal of the memory array; and a redundant control circuit having a control output terminal coupled to the control terminal of the redundant-cell decoder, the redundant control circuit including a redundant fuse disposed in the other of the first and second conductive layers, coupled to the control output terminal, and configured in a third first state in response to the matrix memory cell being functional and configured in a fourth second state in response to the matrix memory cell being defective.
 32. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a memory array including a matrix memory cell having a matrix address and including a redundant memory cell having a redundant address; a matrix address generator; a redundant address generator coupled to the matrix address generator and programmable to generate the redundant address in response to the matrix address generator generating the matrix address; a redundant-cell decoder coupled to the memory array and to the redundant address generator and configured to map the redundant memory cell to the matrix address by firing the redundant memory cell in response to the redundant address generator generating the redundant address and the redundant-cell decoder being enabled; a redundant control circuit coupled to the redundant-cell decoder, the redundant control circuit including a redundant fuse disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers, the redundant fuse programmable in a first state to cause the redundant control circuit to disable the redundant-cell decoder from mapping the redundant memory cell to the matrix address and programmable in a second state to cause the redundant enable circuit to enable the redundant-cell decoder to map the redundant memory cell to the matrix address; a matrix-cell decoder coupled to the memory array and to the matrix address generator and configured to fire the matrix memory cell in response to the matrix address circuit generating the matrix address and the matrix-cell decoder being enabled; and a matrix control circuit coupled to the matrix-cell decoder, the matrix control circuit including a matrix fuse disposed in the other of first and second conductive layers in alignment with the redundant fuse, the matrix fuse programmable in a third state to cause the matrix control circuit to enable the matrix-cell decoder to fire the matrix memory cell and programmable in a fourth state to cause the matrix control circuit to disable the matrix-cell decoder from firing the matrix memory cell.
 33. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; a memory array including a matrix memory cell, a matrix fire terminal coupled to the matrix memory cell, a redundant memory cell, and a redundant fire terminal coupled to the redundant memory cell; a matrix address circuit having an address output terminal; a redundant address circuit having an address input terminal coupled to the address output terminal of the matrix address circuit and having a redundant address output terminal; a redundant-cell decoder having an address input terminal coupled to the redundant address output terminal of the redundant address circuit, a firing terminal coupled to the redundant fire terminal of the memory array, and a control terminal; a redundant control circuit having a control output terminal coupled to the control terminal of the redundant-cell decoder, the redundant control circuit including a redundant fuse disposed in one of the first and second conductive layers, the redundant fuse having a first state that disables the redundant-cell decoder or having a second state that enables the redundant-cell decoder; a matrix-cell decoder having an address input terminal coupled to the address output terminal of the matrix address circuit, a firing terminal coupled to the matrix fire terminal of the memory array, and a control terminal; and a matrix control circuit having a control output terminal coupled to the control terminal of the matrix-cell decoder, the matrix control circuit including a matrix fuse disposed in the other of first and second conductive layers in alignment with the redundant fuse, the matrix fuse having a third state to enable the matrix-cell decoder or having a fourth state to disable the matrix-cell decoder.
 34. An electronic system, comprising: a data input device; a data output device; and a computer circuit coupled to the data input and output devices and including a processor and a memory circuit coupled to the processor, the memory circuit including: a first conductive layer; an insulator layer disposed on the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer disposed on the insulator layer; an address decoder operable to receive an address; an array of memory cells operable to store data, the array coupled to the address decoder; a read/write circuit coupled to the memory array and operable to read data from and write data to one or more of the memory cells; a control circuit coupled to and operable to control the address decoder and the read/write circuit; a first fuse disposed in the first conductive layer and coupled to and operable to generate a first signal for the address decoder, array, read/write circuit, or control circuit; and a second fuse disposed in the second conductive layer in alignment with the first fuse and coupled to and operable to generate a second signal for the address decoder, array, read/write circuit, or control circuit.
 35. A method, comprising the steps of: directing an energy beam at a first fuse that shields a second fuse from the beam; opening the first fuse with the energy beam without simultaneously opening the second fuse; and opening the second fuse with the beam after opening the first fuse.
 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the energy beam comprises a laser beam.
 37. The method of claim 35 wherein: the first fuse is disposed in a first conductive layer of an integrated circuit; and the second fuse is disposed in a second conductive layer of the integrated circuit.
 38. The method of claim 35 wherein: the step of opening the first fuse comprises disabling a matrix cell: and the step of opening the second fuse comprises enabling a redundant cell.
 39. The method of clam 35 wherein: the step of opening the first fuse comprises enabling a redundant cell; and the step of opening the second fuse comprises disabling a matrix cell.
 40. A method, comprising the steps of: directing a first energy beam at a first fuse that shields a second fuse from the beam; opening the first fuse with the energy beam; and after opening the first fuse, exposing the second fuse to the beam without opening the second fuse.
 41. The method of claim 40, further comprising the steps of: directing a second energy beam at the second fuse after exposing the second fuse to the first energy beam; and opening the second fuse with the second energy beam.
 42. The method of claim 40, further comprising the steps of: generating the first energy beam having a first frequency; directing a second energy beam having a second frequency at the second fuse after exposing the second fuse to the first energy beam; and opening the second fuse with the second energy beam.
 43. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of generating the first energy beam from a laser beam.
 44. A method, comprising the steps of: configuring a first fuse to conduct a first signal, the first fuse being disposed in a first conductive layer, having first and second terminals, and having a first conductive segment disposed between the first and second terminals; and configuring a second fuse to conduct a second signal, the second fuse being aligned with the first fuse and being disposed in a second conductive layer that is beneath the first conductive layer, the second fuse having third and fourth terminals and a second conductive segment disposed between the third and fourth terminals, a portion of the second conductive segment aligned with a portion of the first conductive segment.
 45. The method of claim 44, further comprising the step of opening the first fuse without opening the second fuse.
 46. The method of claim 44, further comprising the steps of: opening the first fuse; and opening the second fuse via a break in the first fuse.
 47. A method, comprising the steps of: configuring a first fuse to conduct a first signal; configuring a second fuse to conduct a second signal, the second fuse being aligned with the first fuse; and opening the first fuse without opening the second fuse. 